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So now we have the next topic which is nested functions so nested function is nothing but a function inside a function as we have already seen in the list and Loops we had nested Loops nested list and now we have nested functions so let’s quickly move to the example which is like this for example we have a function for trading decisions so Define and let’s give it the name trading decisions and inside that we have two functions one is buy decision let’s say and another is uh sell decision right cell decision and let’s close this function okay and also we can give some return here so now we have three functions the main function is trading decisions and inside that we have two functions the first is BU decision and the second is sell decision right so whenever this first function which is by decision executes will return a value which is let’s say a string and whenever this cell function executes will return a string which is cell hopefully it’s very easy and it should be very clear right okay so and let’s give some conditions and what we will do we will give here a parameter which is price so if price is less than 50 let’s say 50 then what will happen we will call the function by decision right else we can call the cell decision right so now let’s just hit shift enter and and call the function trading decisions and let’s give it some value so which is let’s say we give 40 okay and when we H shift enter okay.
We have to print this return return value so for that what we need to do we will just print here so hit shift enter it says None okay we forgot to return this so here we have to return these functions so my bad my bad so what we can do I’ll just uh head shift enter and so now you can see that we have a price is 60 and that is greater than the 50 so the cell function will execute and we will return as cell if we have a value less than 50 let’s say 40 then a bu decision will happen so this is how the nest set functions work a function inside function and you will be using a lot these kind of functions so what you can do you can just go to mcqs you can attempt those mcqs and then you should go to task where you have multiple good algo trading based task and then you have a mini project which will definitely help you to build up your functions Concepts and still if you have any doubts you can connect with us on any social media like Discord telegram Instagram and even YouTube comments next we have one of the most important concept of python which is functions are considered as first class citizens this line seems a little bit different right but when you understand the real meaning of this line you’ll be blown away because python functions are so powerful so flexible which makes the python a very powerful language a very flexible language so let me show you quickly why python functions are considered as first class citizens so let me show you few pointers the first is assignment to variables.
We can assign functions to any variable like we do in string integers list doules so it helps us to call a function with the help of a variable so functions can be assigned to variables the second point is functions can be passed as an arguments it can be useful for high order functions which can take function as an input and also can return them so you can say functions can be passed as arguments to other functions the third point is the functions can be returned from other functions the fourth point is the functions can be stored in data structures like in dictionaries tles or list and last but not the least function can have attributes to store metadata or configuration options and so why this behavior of functions is useful so the first is we we can create higher order functions so that we can manipulate other functions and which can enhance the modularity and reusability the second is call back and event handlers generally this is used in guis so we can use this in response to certain actions we’ll be also having a quick session of how to create guis in Python and the third point is this behavior is really useful in the functional programming and this is also useful in the dynamic Behavior so let’s quickly understand this topic with the help of few examples as we we have discussed multiple times that in Python everything is object right so we can say that functions are also objects in Python how let me show you so let’s define a function and give it any name so let’s say Define and let’s give the name trading logs okay then what we will do we’ll just pass it okay so it doesn’t give any error and then here what.
We will do we’ll print the type of this function so type and trading logs and then we will also print the ID of this so with the help of ID function we can print out the memory address of that particular object so here we have the object as a function so let’s give trading locks and when we hit shift enter we can see that the class is function so earlier we have seen that for all the other objects like like list tles dictionaries uh it was showing here the class list class dictionary class Tes similarly here we have the object as functions in that we have the class as function and this is the memory address of that right now let’s see an example where we can reassign the function to any other variable right so let’s take this example again here and what I’ll do I’ll Define this and here I can say that we are getting some values here so let’s say price one and price two and what what we can do we can print the sum so we can return the sum right so return the sum of this price one and price two correct so here what I’ll do I’ll just call the function in the second line so here when I call the function trading logs and I’ll give two values let’s say two and three and we get five as a return right so if I want what I can do I can assign this function to any other variable let’s say I’ll assign it to a variable named some of the prices so sum prices and now when I call this function sum price and here also I can pass the arguments and when I hit shift enter we get the value as five so here you can see the flexibility of python that we can assign a function to any other variable and it becomes really useful we’ll be seeing some huge CES in the future when we start the algo trading live examples and live projects so.
It will be very useful in that so so now let’s take an example where we will be deleting a function so let’s say uh let’s take the same example here again and paste it here and what I’ll do I’ll just add another cell and here we can print that analyzing a function deletion okay so when I hit shift enter here and when I call this function and let me remove this price is not required for now I’ll just remove and hit shift enter and when I I call this function trading logs we can see that we have a string named analyzing a function deletion and which is returning from this function right so if I delete here the function delete trading logs and after that when I print this function uh I can add print here also it’s not an issue so what I’ll do I’ll just print here okay so here you can understand the scenario that first we are calling this function and it should return this string which is analyzing a function deletion then we will delete this function and then we will again try to call this function so what happens so here you can understand the scenario that first we are calling this function so ideally it should return this string which is analyzing a function delation then we will delete the function with the help of D operator and again we will try to call the function so let’s hit shift enter so here you can see that it says can cannot delete a function call so when we add this parenthesis in front of the function name that means.
We are calling a function so we cannot delete a function call but we can delete a function with the name so what we will do we’ll just remove this and when I hit shift enter you will see that it says name trading log is not defined but before that first it printed this value analyzing a function deletion then it deleted and now when we try to print it will throw an error so that’s how we can delete a function and it is also very useful sometimes I’ll show you how in the future when we are performing a live trading so here let’s see how we can store a function in any object like a list doule dictionary so for example we have function with the name uh Define by stock and we have a parameter with the name stock here what we will do we will return so whenever this function executes it will return a string which says buy and stock so for stock we will give this and here we can give a formatted string so F so means whenever this function executes it will return a by and whatever the name of the stock so here we can see that whenever this function executes it will return a value this is string and it will display buy and whatever the stock has been passed as an argument again we have next function and we can name it as sell stock sell stock and here.
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Day 8: Python Functions Part – 2
